Features:
1. Precision-Bore Glass Pipe:
• The apparatus is designed with a precision-bore glass pipe (test tube) mounted vertically within a large protective shroud.
2. Shroud Design:
• The shroud has an open front and the interior surface is light-colored to enhance visibility of the flow.
3. Flow Visualization:
• The design allows for clear observation of the flow behavior through the transparent test tube, ensuring students can easily study fluid dynamics.
4. Constant Head Tank (Reservoir):
• Water enters the test tube from a constant head tank positioned above the test tube.
• The reservoir is equipped with a diffuser and stilling bed to ensure uniform water entry.

5. Bell-Mouth Shaped Entry:
• A specially shaped bell-mouth directs water into the test tube, ensuring a steady and uniform flow at the entry point.
6. Temperature Measurement:
• A thermometer is included to measure the temperature in the constant head reservoir, which is crucial for accurate flow analysis.

7. Overflow Pipe:
• The fixed overflow pipe in the reservoir connects to a suitable drain to maintain proper water levels and prevent overflow.
8. Flow Control Valve:
• The bottom of the test tube is equipped with a valve that controls the flow rate, ensuring accurate measurement without disturbing the flow pattern.
9. Measuring Cylinder:
• A measuring cylinder is included to accurately quantify the volume of fluid passing through the test tube for experimentation.
10.Dye Injector:
• The apparatus includes a dye injector, which is a dye reservoir connected to a fine hypodermic tube.
• The dye is injected into the flow to allow clear visualization of flow patterns within the pipe.

11.Adjustable Base for Levelling:
• The base of the apparatus is equipped with adjustable feet, allowing for precise leveling prior to use.
12.Levelling Device:
• A built-in levelling device ensures the apparatus is set up correctly, maintaining accurate results during experiments.
13.Dimensions:
• Main Unit Nett Dimensions:
• Base Width: 680 mm
• Base Depth (Front to Back): 380 mm
• Height: 1480 mm (or higher)
14.Printed Operation Manual:
• A printed manual will be provided to guide users in setup, operation, and
maintenance of the equipment.
Experimental Capabilities:
1. Transition Between Laminar and Turbulent Flow:
• The apparatus is capable of demonstrating the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, providing students with practical insights into fluid dynamics.
2. Determination of Transition Reynolds Numbers:

• The apparatus allows for the measurement and analysis of transition Reynolds
numbers, and provides comparison with theoretical values.