Hall Effect Experiment (Research Model)

Order Code: 55548C

Introduction When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic eld perpendicular to the current direction, a voltage develops transverse to the current. This voltage was rst observed in 1879 by Edwin Hall and the effect is called Hal...

SPECIFICATION

Introduction

When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic eld perpendicular to the current direction, a voltage develops transverse to the current. This voltage was rst observed in 1879 by Edwin Hall and the effect is called Hall Effect.

The Hall effect has since led to a deeper understanding of the details of the conduction process. It can yield the density of the charge carriers as well as their sign.

Theory

As you are undoubtedly aware, a static magnetic field has no effect on charges unless they are in motion. When the charges ow, a magnetic field directed perpendicular to the direction of ow produces a mutually perpendicular force on the charges. When this happens, electrons and holes will be separated by opposite forces. They will in turn produce an electric field ( ) which depends on the cross product of the magnetic intensity, H, and the current density, J.

Where R is called the Hall Coef ficient

Now, let us consider a bar of semiconductor, having dimension, x, y and z. Let J is directed along X and H along Z then will be along Y.

Then we could write

Where Vh is the Hall voltage appearing between the two surfaces perpendicular to y and I=Jyz

Hall Effect experiment consists of the following:

Hall Probe
- Hall Probe (Ge Crystal) n & p-type
- Hall Probe Mount (for 1Ox10mm & 5x5mm sample )
Constant Current Source
Digital Microvoltmeter
Electromagnet
Constant Current Power Supply
Digital Gaussmeter

Hall Probes

(a) Hall Probe (Ge Crystal)

Ge single crystal with four spring-type pressure contacts is mounted on a sunmica-decorated bakelite strip. Four leads are provided for connections with measuring devices.

Technical details

Material : Ge single crystal n or p-type as desired
Resistivity : 8-10W.cm
Contacts : Spring type (solid silver)
Zero- eld potential : <1mV (adjustable)
Hall Voltage : 25-35mV/10mA/KG

It is designed to give a clear idea to the students about Hall Probe and is recommended for class room experiment. A minor drawback of this probe is that it may require zero adjustment.

Further Hall Probe mount for 10x10mm samples and 5x5mm samples is given to enable the user to mount their own samples.

Current Source

Constant Current Source

It is an IC regulated current generator to provide a constant current to the outer probes irrespective of the changing resistance of the sample due to change in temperatures. The basic scheme is to use the feedback principal to limit the load current of the supply to preset maximum value. Variations in the current are achieved by a potentiometer included for that purpose. The supply is a highly regulated and practically ripples free d.c source. The constant current source is suitable for the resistivity measurement of this lms of metals/alloys and semiconductors like germanium.

Specifications

Range : 0-20mA, 0-200mA

Resolution : 10'A

Accuracy : ±0.25% of reading ±1 digit

Display : 3½ digit, 7 segment LED with

autopolarity and decimal indication

Voltage Source

Digital Microvoltmeter

It is a very versatile multipurpose instrument for the measurement of low dc voltage. It has 5 decade ranges from 1mV to 10mv with 100% over-ranging. For better accuracy and convenience, readings are directly obtained on 3½ digit DPM (Digital Panel Meter).

Specifications

Range : 1mV, 10mV, 100mV, 1V & 10V with 100% over-ranging.
Resolution : 1&V
Accuracy : ±0.2% ±1 digit
Stability : Within ±1 digit
Input Impedance : >1000MW (10MW on 10V range)
Display : 3½ digit, 7 segment LED with autopolarity and decimal indication

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