Nowadays, several operators and tools are available to introduce practical knowledge for laboratories. One such tool that helps study the Hall Effect in semiconductors is the Hall Effect Setup. 

It is one of the most useful observation tools used in the laboratory. Let us know in detail about Hall Effect Setup here:

What is The Hall Effect Setup Apparatus?

Hall Effect Setup Apparatus is a tool for measuring the Hall effect, and it helps study magnetic fields and currents in solenoids and other linear magnetically conducting regions. 

But before we know more about the apparatus, let you know briefly about the Hall effect. 

A Hall Effect produces a voltage difference (known as the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. Edwin H. Hall is the physicist who discovered it in 1879.

Now the question that comes to one’s mind is how does the effect come into existence? 

Hall effect is the production of an electric potential difference between two points in a magnetic field due to the motion of a conductor in the magnetic field. 

It can help measure the potential difference by applying a voltage between these points and measuring the resulting current. 

So the apparatus produces a magnetic field in which electric current flows perpendicularly to its direction and measures the strength of the magnetic field. 

What a Hall Effect Setup Consists?

The main objective of a Hall Effect Setup is to provide a magnetic field that can vary in magnitude and direction by applying an external voltage across its terminals. Several companies manufacture laboratory equipment, and these offer a hall effect setup that provides an entire structure of the apparatus. 

These setups usually consist of:

• Electromagnet
• Measurement unit
• Tesla and Gaussmeter
• Hall probe with oven
• Constant current power supply
• Digital meters
• Power supply for electromagnet, etc.

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Features of Hall Effect Setup:

Hall effect setup consists of several features. Some of the standard features that most of the manufacturers offer are:

• Most of the hall effect setup comes with a complete set in the semiconductor.

• It also comes with a constant current source measurement unit with an LCD.
• The setup also comes with an electromagnet and InAs sensor to measure the magnetic field.
• It comes with a Germanium crystal with an oven and PC interface to measure the probe current and hall voltage.
• The setup comes with Tesla M and Gauss M, etc.

Hall effect setup diagram

Scope of Learning for Hall effect Setup (Experiment examples)

Learning from the Hall effect setup is very important in which one can do many experiments like moving a magnet towards and away from a solenoid. 

We can observe that the number of magnetic field lines passing through the coil increases and decreases concerning the change in distance between magnet and solenoid. 

The scope of learning is the extent and limits of a student’s knowledge and is, therefore, one of the most critical factors in teaching. Some of the experiments that one can perform with the help of this setup are:   

• Finding of Hall coefficient of semiconductor crystals, Measurement of Hall voltage as a function of Sample temperature, Sample current, and Magnetic flux density.
• Finding of density and mobility of charge carriers
• Calculate the magnetic field with the help of the Gauss and Tesla meter that comes along with the setup.
• Uncover the poles of an electromagnet by using the Hall probe and gaussmeter available in the setup
• Measuring the Hall voltage 
• Estimate the Hall coefficient of Ge ‘p-type crystal and also the mobility of charge carrier particles 
• Examine the Hall voltage as a part of current at a constant magnetic field and also the dependence of the Hall effect coefficient on temperature.

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Hall Effect Setup experiment procedure, observation and calculation:

Hall effect setup consists of a wire coil, a thick piece of metal, and a battery. The magnetic field created by the current flowing through the wire coils induces an electric current in the wide part of the metal. 

In the presence of a magnetic field, the electric current flowing through a conductor perpendicular to that field will experience a force acting to increase the wind. 

This force acts on each electron separately, not producing a macroscopic voltage. The output voltage from this amp will be proportional to the magnetic field strength. 

So why does it happen? 

• The magnetization of ferromagnetic materials causes the space to fill with circulating electrical currents known as magnetic fields. When such a magnetized material is present with an external magnetic field, the force acting on the electrons inside creates an emf across its ends, which helps drive a current through an external circuit. The procedure of the hall effect setup experiment requires equipment for the investigation:

• The tools should have an association of electromagnet that should connect with the power supply.
• The setup requires the placement of a hall probe to the electromagnet, and it should connect between the pole pieces of the electromagnet.
• The PCB and hall probe must mount vertically in between the poles of an electromagnet.

Observation and calculation of the Hall Effect Experiment:

Now the question is, how does it work? The working mechanism of the Hall Effect Experiment depends on the magnetic field generated by passing a current through a wire loop. The changing magnetic field induces an electric field that produces a voltage across the circle’s ends. The voltage generated can be measured for different values of current.

If a current-carrying conductor is present in a perpendicular magnetic field, a potential difference will generate perpendicular to the magnetic field and the conductor. 

This phenomenon that occurs here is called the Hall Effect. The Hall effect has many utilities in solid-state physics and semiconductors, where it determines both the sign and density of charge carriers.

Let us know more about the Hall Effect experiment with the help of an example here: 

Let us consider a rectangular conductor of thickness ‘t’ held in the XY plane. An electric field is applied in the X-direction using a Constant Current Generator (CCG) so that current ‘I’ flows through the sample. 

Let ‘w’ be the model’s width, and t is its thickness. Here, we suppose the magnetic field “i” is present along the negative z-axis. 

In that case, it generates an electric field in the Xz plane, which accelerates charge carriers (say electrons) towards the Y-direction. It causes a buildup of charge carriers at the top edge of the sample. 

As a result, an electric field Ey develops within the conductor, producing voltage fluctuations along the Y-axis in proportion to current density I and area A enclosed within bounding walls.

Also known as Hall Effect or Faraday Hall Voltage, this phenomenon is a transient voltage difference between contacts covering both sides of a narrow channel through which current “i” flows. A voltage is present between the two plates of the capacitor, and the charges on the bottom plate will move towards the positive terminal.

This charge movement produces an electric field with a potential that can be measured using a voltmeter.

Hall Effect Experiment Conclusion:

The Hall Effect experiment helps observe the phenomenon of magnetism and electricity. In the investigation, the bar magnet must mount on an electromagnet, which creates a closed circuit when current flows through it, and this current flow deflects the voltmeter needle.

As we already know, the Hall effect produces a voltage difference across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor when it comes in contact with a magnetic field.

It occurs because of a relative motion between carriers (the charge carriers ) and the electrons that cause them to produce an electromotive force (emf) in a direction perpendicular to both their velocity and the magnetic field.

The Hall effect helps demonstrate the experiment by placing a semiconductor with an applied voltage across its terminals. The sign of the charge carriers in the current flow is opposite to that of the applied voltage. After this, there will be a force on the semiconductor, and it is due to this charge buildup.

Hall Effect Experiment – Manufacturer, Supplier, Exporter:

When we scroll through the internet, we can find plenty of manufacturers and exporters that supply lab equipment. But the primary concern that one faces is where to find a supplier that provides a high-quality product at a reasonable rate.

Tesca global is a company that you can count on delivering the equipment of world-class material and get it at a competitive price range. Tesca has been a trusted supplier for Hall effect setup.

They are known as the most reliable and prominent manufacturer, exporter, and supplier of Hall Effect setup that consists of three main parts:

1) Hall Probe

2) Hall Sensor

3) Magnetic Field Generator.

The company offers a wide range of Hall-effect measurement solutions. The products are highly accurate, durable, and robustly built to withstand harsh environments with temperature variations. So get the suitable apparatus with Tesca Global by choosing the right one per your budget!

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